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Fossilized Hyrax Urine
Who knew layers of ancient pee can be a valuable treasure trove of climate change data? Thanks to the hyrax's pair of unusual habits, scientists are afforded a rare look at ancient plant biodiversity and how it has changed through the years. The hyrax, a small herbivorous mammal found Africa and the Middle East, is inclined to live in the same crack in rocks for several generations. The animals also tend to urinate on the same spot. As their urine contains detectable amounts of plant matter like leaves and pollen, scientists are able to track the nitrogen and carbon content through the stacked layers of desiccated hyrax urine (called hyraceum). The Smithsonian blog shares that one group of scientists' most prized data set is a pile of fossilized hyrax urine that has been accumulating for an estimated 55,000 years.
Douglas-firs and Geoducks
"Strange bedfellows" is what scientists labeled the unusual partnership of the Douglas-fir and the geoduck in building accurate climatic measurements. The geoduck is the Pacific Northwest's largest bivalve while the Douglas-fir is known to be an iconic tree in the area. These two radically different species have one thing in common that help researchers establish accurate cimatic measurement patterns: growth rings.
Tree rings from the Douglas-fir reflect climatic conditions that influence growth during particular time periods. However, when these are paired with a second, different species the reliability of the data is understandably boosted. In an article published by the Oregon State University, dendrochonologist Bryan Black explains how applying tree-ring techniques to marine species increases data reliability.
"When we associate rings from one species with known sea surface temperatures, we can account for almost 50 percent of the variability in the instrument records. But when we add the data from a second species, we can increase that number to 70 percent or more. And that's important because it is allowing us to go back and create more accurate models of sea surface temperatures and at time scales more than twice the length of the instrument measurements."
"Each species brings its own 'perspective' of past climate, such that their combination provides a more accurate account," he said.
Sailors care about the weather more than the average person. Through the meticulously kept naval logbooks of the 18th and 19th Century, a citizen science project called Old Weather hopes to gain a better understanding of the daily weather a hundred years ago. Volunteers can sign up with the project and manually transcribe some of the 100,000-odd pages from the logbooks of 18th and 19th century vessels that sailed the Arctic and other parts of the world.
As of present, Old Weather has transcribed 20 percent of the pages of naval logbook records from 17 different ships. Once sufficient information has been collected, scientists coordinating the project will use the weather reports to investigate how microvariations in the Arctic weather corresponded with climate trends in the long term. Volunteers who sign up with the project receive no pay but have the chance to be promoted from ranks of cadet to lieutenant to captain based on the amount of pages they have transcribed.
Coral Cities
Coral polyps may be one of the tiniest animals on Earth, but their colonies are responsible for the largest biologically built structures on the planet. Millions of these tiny creatures build coral cities underwater by using calcium carbonate extracted from warm, tropical ocean waters. Calcium carbonate is the same substance found in bones, teeth, and shells. As with tree rings and mollusk shells, layers of coral skeleton tell stories about the climatic and environmental conditions during the time it was built. Studying these coral cores is the essence of coral paleontology.
Scientists extract cores from these long-lived coral cities on diving expeditions. NOAA explains that for scientists to get an ideal core, they need to drill from the surface directly towards the center. By following a coral's plane of maximum growth scientists can acquire a sample with as many rings as possible. They then X-ray the samples to study climate fluctuations recorded in the coral over the years.
Google Earth Timelapse
If anybody ever wanted to paint a picture of climate change, Google's Timelapse comes close to providing a picture that speaks a thousand words. The Timelapse project is the result of Google's partnership with Time, NASA, and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Timelapse boils down a quarter of century's worth of Landsat satellite data into zoomable time-lapse maps. Timelapse focuses on strategic locations for the best impact, such as Las Vegas, the Amazon, and Dubai.
Each Timelapse image lasts only a few seconds, but it shows how much the the area has changed in the last 25 years. Sometimes the visual changes are shocking, such as the dramatic retreat of the Columbia Glacier o
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